Cerebral a. . Anastomoses are especially common in veins, where they help maintain blood flow even when one vessel is blocked or narrowed, although there are some important ones in the arteries supplying the brain. It is at the culmination of all this neural processing in the inner plexiform layer that the message concerning the visual image is transmitted to the brain along the optic nerve. Fig. Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This is due to the increased packing density of photoreceptors, particularly the cones, and their associated bipolar and ganglion cells in central retina compared with peripheral retina. A view of the fundus of the eye and of the retina in a patient who has age-related macular degeneration. The gonadal veins drain the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Similar to the common iliac arteries, the common iliac veins come together at the level of L5 to form the inferior vena cava. The liver is a complex biochemical processing plant. Another approach that works well for many students is to create simple line drawings similar to the ones provided, labeling each of the major vessels. Glaucoma: this increases pressure in the eye, which has the effect of slowing the blood flow through the veins. There are two paired arteries which are responsible for the blood supply to the brain; the vertebral arteries, and the internal carotid arteries. Patients become night blind gradually as more and more of the peripheral retina (where the rods reside) becomes damaged. This includes the generalized and more specialized functions of transport of materials, capillary exchange, maintaining health by transporting white blood cells and various immunoglobulins (antibodies), hemostasis, regulation of body temperature, and helping to maintain acid-base balance. The remaining lumbar veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava. Figure 20 is a flow chart of veins flowing into the lower limb. The hepatic portal system carries blood to the liver for processing before it enters circulation. Tracing blood flow through arteries follows the current in the direction of blood flow, so that we move from the heart through the large arteries and into the smaller arteries to the capillaries. Found inside – Page 259Table 17.3: Blood supply to palate, lips, cheek, and tongue. Structures Blood supply ... Flowchart 17.2:Venous drainage of palate. Flowchart 17.3:Venous ... Like their counterparts in the aortic sinuses, the information provided by these receptors is critical to maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis (see Figure 2). When the body relaxes, it also uses carbohydrates more efficiently: Blood glucose levels may decrease 2-4 hours after relaxation. This book provides a comprehensive account of the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of ocular vascular occlusive disorders, with the focus very much on the scientific evidence. 6th ed. Increased intraocular pressure decreases blood supply to retinal. Figure 1. The rods of the peripheral retina begin to degenerate in early stages of the disease. The flow chart below summarizes the distribution of the major branches of the common iliac arteries into the pelvis and lower limbs. The vertebral artery passes through the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebrae and then through the foramen magnum into the cranial cavity to supply blood to the brain and spinal cord. Found inside – Page 158The vessels which supply the eye with blood all arise from the posterior , most inaccessible portion of the globe . ... This chart excludes contralateral contributions to the ophthalmic artery and blood flow paths via the circle of ... This inferior view shows the network of arteries serving the brain. Figure 13. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts, and more. 7. Four pulmonary veins, two on the left and two on the right, return blood to the left atrium. When the ambient temperature is warm, more blood is diverted to the superficial veins where heat can be more easily dissipated to the environment. Like a good massage, compression socks can help improve blood flow to your legs and other extremities, making them a quick and affordable way of how to improve blood circulation right now. 21b. However, keep this variation in mind when you move from the classroom to clinical practice. Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of Macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Found inside – Page 101Normal tension glaucoma: This type of glaucoma occurs due to normal sensitivity of optic nerve, thus reducing the blood supply in the eye. Circulation Checks. Each renal artery branches approximately 2.5 cm inferior to the superior mesenteric arteries and supplies a kidney. A right brain stroke happens when blood supply to the right side of the brain is stopped. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. This can lead to bleeding in the eye, blurred vision, swelling, blood clots, damage to the nerve or even stroke in the retina with complete loss of vision. A plumbed unit should provide the flushing fluid at 30 pounds per square inch (PSI) with an uninterrupted water supply. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Figure 1. The internal carotid arteries along with the vertebral arteries are the two primary suppliers of blood to the human brain. Tears produced by this gland flow through the lacrimal duct to the medial corner of the eye, where the tears flow over the conjunctiva, washing away foreign particles. Blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial regions, including the temporal vein and maxillary vein, flow into each external jugular vein. (From Zhang, 1994). 10. These vessels will be described more fully later in this section. The common carotid artery divides into internal and external carotid arteries. Most of the veins on the superior surface of the cerebrum flow into the largest of the sinuses, the superior sagittal sinus. The aorta consists of the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta, which passes through the diaphragm and a landmark that divides into the superior thoracic and inferior abdominal components. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. One of these branches is the anterior cerebral artery that supplies blood to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. This open access handbook provides the first comprehensive overview of biometrics exploiting the shape of human blood vessels for biometric recognition, i.e. vascular biometrics, including finger vein recognition, hand/palm vein recognition ... The digital veins in the fingers come together in the hand to form the palmar venous arches (Figure 16). Purification and identification of the components of the human macular carotenoid metabolism pathways. Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. These vessels branch to supply blood to the pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange occurs within the lung alveoli. Ocular migraines are caused by reduced blood flow or spasms of blood vessels in the retina or behind the eye. Where differences occur in branching patterns or when vessels are singular, this will be indicated. 5. The deeper veins generally correspond to the complementary arteries. If a piece of plaque breaks off it can also block blood flow to the brain. Each intercostal vein drains muscles of the thoracic wall, each esophageal vein delivers blood from the inferior portions of the esophagus, each bronchial vein drains the systemic circulation from the lungs, and several smaller veins drain the mediastinal region. As it passes through the body wall, it is renamed the femoral artery. The inferior mesenteric vein drains the distal third of the large intestine, including the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum. As will be noticed from the flourescein angiography of Figure 17, there as a ring of blood vessels in the macular area around a blood vessel- and capillary-free zone 450-600 um in diameter, denoting the fovea. The external and internal iliac veins combine near the inferior portion of the sacroiliac joint to form the common iliac vein. This pigmentation is the reflection from yellow screening pigments, the xanthophyll carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein (Balashov and Bernstein, 1998), present in the cone axons of the Henle fibre layer. Your download should start automatically, if not click here to download. From here, the veins come together to form the radial vein, the ulnar vein, and the median antebrachial vein. It has been blocked for 2 years. The radial artery and ulnar artery parallel their namesake bones, giving off smaller branches until they reach the wrist, or carpal region. What arteries play the leading roles in supplying blood to the brain? Vertical section of the human fovea from Yamada (1969), Fig. Prog Ret Eye Res. Found inside – Page 355O Ocular abnormalities or diseases, open-angle glaucoma associated with, diagnosis and therapy, 185-188 defects, concomitant ... definitions and outline of chapters, 1 1 1 Optic disc, anatomy, 1 13 blood supply, 114 changes in glaucoma, ... At the border of the avascular zone the capillaries become two layered and finally join as a single layered ring. The gonadal arteries arise inferior to the renal arteries and are generally retroperitoneal. These include the inferior phrenic arteries, the adrenal arteries, the renal arteries, the gonadal arteries, and the lumbar arteries. A view of the fundus of the eye and of the retina in a patient who has advanced diabetic retinopathy, Simple Anatomy of the Retina by Helga Kolb, Part II: Anatomy and Physiology of the retina, The retinal pigment epithelium by Olaf Strauss, Morphology and Circuitry of Ganglion Cells by Helga Kolb, Melanopsin-expressing, Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) by Dustin M. Graham and Kwoon Y. Wong, Circuitry for Rod Signals Through The Retina by Helga Kolb, Cone Pathways through the Retina by Helga Kolb, AII Amacrine Cells by Mahnoosh Farsaii and Victoria P. Connaughton, Midget pathways of the primate retina underlie resolution and red green color opponency by Helga Kolb, The Anatomy and Physiology of Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells by Jinyue Liu, Myriad Roles for Gap Junctions in Retinal Circuits, Neurotransmitters in the Retina by Helga Kolb, Glycine Receptor Diversity in the Mammalian Retina by Silke Haverkamp, The Role of Dopamine in Retinal Function By Elka Popova, Part V: Phototransduction and Photoreceptor Synaptic Pathways, Phototransduction in Rods and Cones by Yingbin Fu, Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina by Victoria Connaughton, Bipolar Cell Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina by Ralph Nelson and Victoria Connaughton, GABAc Receptors in the Vertebrate Retina by Haohua Qian, S-Potentials and Horizontal Cells by Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson, Part VI: Retinal Neurogenesis: Early stages in the development of neurons and pathways, Formation of Early Retinal Circuits in the Inner Plexiform Layer by Kevin J. Ford and Marla Feller, Development of cell types and synaptic connections in the retina by Josh Morgan and Rachel Wong, Development of Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Structure and Synaptic Connections by Ning Tian, Psychophysics of Vision by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, Visual Acuity by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, Temporal Resolution by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, Light and Dark Adaptation by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, Color Perception by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, Space Perception by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, Perception of Depth by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, The Primary Visual Cortex by Matthew Schmolesky, Part X: Repair and Regeneration in the visual sytem, Regeneration in the Goldfish Visual System by Sam Nona, Regeneration in the visual system of adult mammals by Yves Sauve and Frederic Gaillard, Fetal tissue allografts in the central visual system of rodents by Frederic Gaillard and Yves Sauve, Visually Evoked Potentials by Donnell J. Creel, The Electroretinogram: ERG by Ido Perlman, The Electroretinogram and Electro-oculogram: Clinical Applications by Donnell J. Creel, Visual And Auditory Anomalies Associated With Albinism by Donnell J. Creel, Part XII: Investigations of Human Retinal Disease, Retinal Degeneration, Remodeling and Plasticity by Bryan William Jones, Robert E. Marc and Rebecca L. Pfeiffer, Cellular Remodeling in Mammalian Retina Induced by Retinal Detachment by Steve Fisher, Geoffrey P. Lewis, Kenneth A Linberg, Edward Barawid and Mark V. Verardo, Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) by Gregory S. Hageman, Karen Gaehrs, Lincoln V. Johnson and Don Anderson, Diabetic Retinopathy and A Novel Treatment Based On The Biophysics Of Rod Photoreceptors And Dark Adaptation by Geoffrey. The tongue is a muscular organ of the oral cavity and is an accessory digestive organ in the digestive system.It has many functions of which the most important are mastication, taste, swallowing, speech, and clearing the oral cavity. The optic nerve contains the ganglion cell axons running to the brain and, additionally, incoming blood vessels that open into the retina to vascularize the retinal layers and neurons (Fig. The pulmonary capillaries surround lung structures known as alveoli that are the sites of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. After its formation, the hepatic portal vein also receives branches from the gastric veins of the stomach and cystic veins from the gall bladder. It also receives branches from the inferior mesenteric vein, plus the splenic veins and all their tributaries. The corresponding venous lobules drain into the venules and veins that run anterior towards the equator of the eyeball to enter the vortex veins (Fig. Cranial Nerves Functions And Divisions Olfactory nerve. The radial vein and the ulnar vein parallel the bones of the forearm and join together at the antebrachium to form the brachial vein, a deep vein that flows into the axillary vein in the brachium. Heart disease and stroke have many of the same risk factors. abdominal aorta: portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and superior to the common iliac arteries, adrenal artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands, adrenal vein: drains the adrenal or suprarenal glands that are immediately superior to the kidneys; the right adrenal vein enters the inferior vena cava directly and the left adrenal vein enters the left renal vein, anterior cerebral artery: arises from the internal carotid artery; supplies the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, anterior communicating artery: anastomosis of the right and left internal carotid arteries; supplies blood to the brain, anterior tibial artery: branches from the popliteal artery; supplies blood to the anterior tibial region; becomes the dorsalis pedis artery, anterior tibial vein: forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle and leads to the popliteal vein, aorta: largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle and descending to the abdominal region where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra; arteries originating from the aorta distribute blood to virtually all tissues of the body, aortic arch: arc that connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta; ends at the intervertebral disk between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae, aortic hiatus: opening in the diaphragm that allows passage of the thoracic aorta into the abdominal region where it becomes the abdominal aorta, arterial circle: (also, circle of Willis) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain, ascending aorta: initial portion of the aorta, rising from the left ventricle for a distance of approximately 5 cm, axillary artery: continuation of the subclavian artery as it penetrates the body wall and enters the axillary region; supplies blood to the region near the head of the humerus (humeral circumflex arteries); the majority of the vessel continues into the brachium and becomes the brachial artery, axillary vein: major vein in the axillary region; drains the upper limb and becomes the subclavian vein, azygos vein: originates in the lumbar region and passes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity on the right side of the vertebral column; drains blood from the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, bronchial veins, and other veins draining the mediastinal region; leads to the superior vena cava, basilar artery: formed from the fusion of the two vertebral arteries; sends branches to the cerebellum, brain stem, and the posterior cerebral arteries; the main blood supply to the brain stem, basilic vein: superficial vein of the arm that arises from the palmar venous arches, intersects with the median cubital vein, parallels the ulnar vein, and continues into the upper arm; along with the brachial vein, it leads to the axillary vein, brachial artery: continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium; supplies blood to much of the brachial region; gives off several smaller branches that provide blood to the posterior surface of the arm in the region of the elbow; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the coronoid fossa, brachial vein: deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm; leads to the axillary vein, brachiocephalic artery: single vessel located on the right side of the body; the first vessel branching from the aortic arch; gives rise to the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies blood to the head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic region, brachiocephalic vein: one of a pair of veins that form from a fusion of the external and internal jugular veins and the subclavian vein; subclavian, external and internal jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins lead to it; drains the upper thoracic region and flows into the superior vena cava, bronchial artery: systemic branch from the aorta that provides oxygenated blood to the lungs in addition to the pulmonary circuit, bronchial vein: drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads to the azygos vein, cavernous sinus: enlarged vein that receives blood from most of the other cerebral veins and the eye socket, and leads to the petrosal sinus, celiac trunk: (also, celiac artery) major branch of the abdominal aorta; gives rise to the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery that forms the hepatic artery to the liver, the right gastric artery to the stomach, and the cystic artery to the gall bladder, cephalic vein: superficial vessel in the upper arm; leads to the axillary vein, cerebrovascular accident (CVA): blockage of blood flow to the brain; also called a stroke, circle of Willis: (also, arterial circle) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain, common carotid artery: right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery, and the left common carotid arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective sides of the head and neck, common hepatic artery: branch of the celiac trunk that forms the hepatic artery, the right gastric artery, and the cystic artery, common iliac artery: branch of the aorta that leads to the internal and external iliac arteries, common iliac vein: one of a pair of veins that flows into the inferior vena cava at the level of L5; the left common iliac vein drains the sacral region; divides into external and internal iliac veins near the inferior portion of the sacroiliac joint, cystic artery: branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the gall bladder, deep femoral artery: branch of the femoral artery; gives rise to the lateral circumflex arteries, deep femoral vein: drains blood from the deeper portions of the thigh and leads to the femoral vein, descending aorta: portion of the aorta that continues downward past the end of the aortic arch; subdivided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta, digital arteries: formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches; supply blood to the digits, digital veins: drain the digits and feed into the palmar arches of the hand and dorsal venous arch of the foot, dorsal arch: (also, arcuate arch) formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits, dorsal venous arch: drains blood from digital veins and vessels on the superior surface of the foot, dorsalis pedis artery: forms from the anterior tibial artery; branches repeatedly to supply blood to the tarsal and dorsal regions of the foot, esophageal artery: branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the esophagus, esophageal vein: drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads to the azygos vein, external carotid artery: arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood to numerous structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx, external iliac artery: branch of the common iliac artery that leaves the body cavity and becomes a femoral artery; supplies blood to the lower limbs, external iliac vein: formed when the femoral vein passes into the body cavity; drains the legs and leads to the common iliac vein, external jugular vein: one of a pair of major veins located in the superficial neck region that drains blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial regions, and leads to the subclavian vein, femoral artery: continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes through the body cavity; divides into several smaller branches, the lateral deep femoral artery, and the genicular artery; becomes the popliteal artery as it passes posterior to the knee, femoral circumflex vein: forms a loop around the femur just inferior to the trochanters; drains blood from the areas around the head and neck of the femur; leads to the femoral vein, femoral vein: drains the upper leg; receives blood from the great saphenous vein, the deep femoral vein, and the femoral circumflex vein; becomes the external iliac vein when it crosses the body wall, fibular vein: drains the muscles and integument near the fibula and leads to the popliteal vein, genicular artery: branch of the femoral artery; supplies blood to the region of the knee, gonadal artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the gonads or reproductive organs; also described as ovarian arteries or testicular arteries, depending upon the sex of the individual, gonadal vein: generic term for a vein draining a reproductive organ; may be either an ovarian vein or a testicular vein, depending on the sex of the individual, great cerebral vein: receives most of the smaller vessels from the inferior cerebral veins and leads to the straight sinus, great saphenous vein: prominent surface vessel located on the medial surface of the leg and thigh; drains the superficial portions of these areas and leads to the femoral vein, hemiazygos vein: smaller vein complementary to the azygos vein; drains the esophageal veins from the esophagus and the left intercostal veins, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein via the superior intercostal vein, hepatic artery proper: branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies systemic blood to the liver, hepatic portal system: specialized circulatory pathway that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for processing before being sent to the systemic circulation, hepatic vein: drains systemic blood from the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, inferior mesenteric artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the distal segment of the large intestine and rectum, inferior phrenic artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the inferior surface of the diaphragm, inferior vena cava: large systemic vein that drains blood from areas largely inferior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium, intercostal artery: branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the muscles of the thoracic cavity and vertebral column, intercostal vein: drains the muscles of the thoracic wall and leads to the azygos vein, internal carotid artery: arises from the common carotid artery and begins with the carotid sinus; goes through the carotid canal of the temporal bone to the base of the brain; combines with branches of the vertebral artery forming the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain, internal iliac artery: branch from the common iliac arteries; supplies blood to the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and the medial portion of the femoral region; in females, also provide blood to the uterus and vagina, internal iliac vein: drains the pelvic organs and integument; formed from several smaller veins in the region; leads to the common iliac vein, internal jugular vein: one of a pair of major veins located in the neck region that passes through the jugular foramen and canal, flows parallel to the common carotid artery that is more or less its counterpart; primarily drains blood from the brain, receives the superficial facial vein, and empties into the subclavian vein, internal thoracic artery: (also, mammary artery) arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thymus, pericardium of the heart, and the anterior chest wall, internal thoracic vein: (also, internal mammary vein) drains the anterior surface of the chest wall and leads to the brachiocephalic vein, lateral circumflex artery: branch of the deep femoral artery; supplies blood to the deep muscles of the thigh and the ventral and lateral regions of the integument, lateral plantar artery: arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the lateral plantar surfaces of the foot, left gastric artery: branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the stomach, lumbar arteries: branches of the abdominal aorta; supply blood to the lumbar region, the abdominal wall, and spinal cord, lumbar veins: drain the lumbar portion of the abdominal wall and spinal cord; the superior lumbar veins drain into the azygos vein on the right or the hemiazygos vein on the left; blood from these vessels is returned to the superior vena cava rather than the inferior vena cava, maxillary vein: drains blood from the maxillary region and leads to the external jugular vein, medial plantar artery: arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the medial plantar surfaces of the foot, median antebrachial vein: vein that parallels the ulnar vein but is more medial in location; intertwines with the palmar venous arches, median cubital vein: superficial vessel located in the antecubital region that links the cephalic vein to the basilic vein in the form of a v; a frequent site for a blood draw, median sacral artery: continuation of the aorta into the sacrum, mediastinal artery: branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the mediastinum, middle cerebral artery: another branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum, middle sacral vein: drains the sacral region and leads to the left common iliac vein, occipital sinus: enlarged vein that drains the occipital region near the falx cerebelli and flows into the left and right transverse sinuses, and also into the vertebral veins, ophthalmic artery: branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the eyes, ovarian artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the ovary, uterine (Fallopian) tube, and uterus, ovarian vein: drains the ovary; the right ovarian vein leads to the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein leads to the left renal vein, palmar arches: superficial and deep arches formed from anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries; supply blood to the hand and digital arteries, palmar venous arches: drain the hand and digits, and feed into the radial and ulnar veins, parietal branches: (also, somatic branches) group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; includes those that supply blood to the thoracic cavity, vertebral column, and the superior surface of the diaphragm, pericardial artery: branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the pericardium, petrosal sinus: enlarged vein that receives blood from the cavernous sinus and flows into the internal jugular vein, phrenic vein: drains the diaphragm; the right phrenic vein flows into the inferior vena cava and the left phrenic vein leads to the left renal vein, plantar arch: formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits, plantar veins: drain the foot and lead to the plantar venous arch, plantar venous arch: formed from the plantar veins; leads to the anterior and posterior tibial veins through anastomoses, popliteal artery: continuation of the femoral artery posterior to the knee; branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, popliteal vein: continuation of the femoral vein behind the knee; drains the region behind the knee and forms from the fusion of the fibular and anterior and posterior tibial veins, posterior cerebral artery: branch of the basilar artery that forms a portion of the posterior segment of the arterial circle; supplies blood to the posterior portion of the cerebrum and brain stem, posterior communicating artery: branch of the posterior cerebral artery that forms part of the posterior portion of the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain, posterior tibial artery: branch from the popliteal artery that gives rise to the fibular or peroneal artery; supplies blood to the posterior tibial region, posterior tibial vein: forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the posterior surface of the tibia and leads to the popliteal vein, pulmonary artery: one of two branches, left and right, that divides off from the pulmonary trunk and leads to smaller arterioles and eventually to the pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary circuit: system of blood vessels that provide gas exchange via a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that run from the heart, through the body, and back to the lungs, pulmonary trunk: single large vessel exiting the right ventricle that divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins: two sets of paired vessels, one pair on each side, that are formed from the small venules leading away from the pulmonary capillaries that flow into the left atrium, radial artery: formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the radius; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the ulnar artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region, radial vein: parallels the radius and radial artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein, renal artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies each kidney, renal vein: largest vein entering the inferior vena cava; drains the kidneys and leads to the inferior vena cava, right gastric artery: branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the stomach, sigmoid sinuses: enlarged veins that receive blood from the transverse sinuses; flow through the jugular foramen and into the internal jugular vein, small saphenous vein: located on the lateral surface of the leg; drains blood from the superficial regions of the lower leg and foot, and leads to the popliteal vein, splenic artery: branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the spleen, straight sinus: enlarged vein that drains blood from the brain; receives most of the blood from the great cerebral vein and flows into the left or right transverse sinus, subclavian artery: right subclavian arises from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the internal thoracic, vertebral, and thyrocervical arteries; supplies blood to the arms, chest, shoulders, back, and central nervous system, subclavian vein: located deep in the thoracic cavity; becomes the axillary vein as it enters the axillary region; drains the axillary and smaller local veins near the scapular region; leads to the brachiocephalic vein, subscapular vein: drains blood from the subscapular region and leads to the axillary vein, superior mesenteric artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), the pancreas, and a majority of the large intestine, superior phrenic artery: branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the superior surface of the diaphragm, superior sagittal sinus: enlarged vein located midsagittally between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater within the falx cerebri; receives most of the blood drained from the superior surface of the cerebrum and leads to the inferior jugular vein and the vertebral vein, superior vena cava: large systemic vein; drains blood from most areas superior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium, temporal vein: drains blood from the temporal region and leads to the external jugular vein, testicular artery: branch of the abdominal aorta; will ultimately travel outside the body cavity to the testes and form one component of the spermatic cord, testicular vein: drains the testes and forms part of the spermatic cord; the right testicular vein empties directly into the inferior vena cava and the left testicular vein empties into the left renal vein, thoracic aorta: portion of the descending aorta superior to the aortic hiatus, thyrocervical artery: arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thyroid, the cervical region, the upper back, and shoulder, transient ischemic attack (TIA): temporary loss of neurological function caused by a brief interruption in blood flow; also known as a mini-stroke, transverse sinuses: pair of enlarged veins near the lambdoid suture that drain the occipital, sagittal, and straight sinuses, and leads to the sigmoid sinuses, trunk: large vessel that gives rise to smaller vessels, ulnar artery: formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the ulna; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the radial artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region, ulnar vein: parallels the ulna and ulnar artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein, vertebral artery: arises from the subclavian artery and passes through the vertebral foramen through the foramen magnum to the brain; joins with the internal carotid artery to form the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord, vertebral vein: arises from the base of the brain and the cervical region of the spinal cord; passes through the intervertebral foramina in the cervical vertebrae; drains smaller veins from the cranium, spinal cord, and vertebrae, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein; counterpart of the vertebral artery, visceral branches: branches of the descending aorta that supply blood to the viscera.

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